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Union of Lublin
The Union of Lublin ((ポーランド語:unia lubelska); (リトアニア語:Liublino unija)) was signed July 1, 1569, in Lublin, Poland, and created a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It replaced the personal union of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a real union and an elective monarchy, since Sigismund II Augustus, the last of the Jagiellons, remained childless after three marriages. In addition, the autonomy of Royal Prussia was largely abandoned. The Duchy of Livonia, tied to Lithuania in real union since the Union of Grodno (1566), became a Polish–Lithuanian condominium.
The Commonwealth was ruled by a single elected monarch who carried out the duties of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and governed with a common Senate and parliament (the ''Sejm''). The Union was an evolutionary stage in the Polish–Lithuanian alliance and personal union, necessitated also by Lithuania's dangerous position in wars with Russia.〔Dvornik, Francis, ''The Slavs in European History and Civilization'', Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0-8135-0799-5, (Google Print, p.254 )〕〔Norman Davies, ''God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes'', Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925339-0, (Google Print, p.50 )〕〔W. H. Zawadzki, ''A Man of Honour: Adam Czartoryski as a Statesman of Russia and Poland, 1795-1831'', Oxford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-19-820303-9, (Google Print, p.1 )〕
Constituting a crucial event in the history of several nations, the Union of Lublin has been viewed quite differently by many historians. Sometimes identified as the moment at which the Szlachta (including Lithuanians/Ruthenians) rose to the height of their power, establishing a democracy of noblemen as opposed to absolute monarchy. Some historians concentrate on its positive aspects, emphasizing its peaceful, voluntary creation, inclusive character and its role in spreading of economical welfare and good laws; other see there a possible cause of social and political instability that led to the Partitions of Poland about 200 years later. Some Lithuanian historians are more critical of the Union, pointing out that it was an effect of domination by Polish nobles.
==History==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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